Heartworm in Greece: Risks, Prevention, and Modern Treatment Options
Heartworm is a serious parasitic disease primarily affecting dogs in Greece, with its geographical spread increasing due to climate conditions. Early prevention and proper education for owners and veterinarians are crucial to controlling the disease and protecting animal health.
Dirofilariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the nematode parasite *Dirofilaria immitis* and transmitted by mosquitoes. In Greece, due to the mild climate and the presence of wetlands, the disease is endemic in many regions, especially in Northern Greece, but is now appearing with increasing frequency in other parts of the country.
The primary host is the dog, although other animals such as cats and, more rarely, humans can also be affected. The parasite settles in the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle of the heart, causing severe cardiopulmonary complications.
Risks to animals:
Dirofilariasis often progresses insidiously, with mild or no symptoms in the initial stages. As the disease advances, the following appear: Cough and dyspnea. Reduced exercise tolerance. Weight loss. Heart failure. Caval syndrome in severe cases, which can lead to sudden death. The disease can become life-threatening, especially when diagnosis is delayed.
Prevention methods:
Prevention is the most effective way to manage dirofilariasis. Key strategies include: Administration of preventive anthelmintic medications (macrocyclic lactones) on a monthly or annual basis. Use of insect repellent products against mosquitoes. Regular blood tests (antigen and microfilariae tests). Owner education about seasonality and risks. In Greece, due to the prolonged activity of mosquitoes, annual preventive treatment is often recommended.
Control and treatment:
Treatment of dirofilariasis is complex and requires a careful approach by the veterinarian. It includes: Stabilization of the animal before initiating treatment. Administration of adulticide anthelmintics (e.g., melarsomine). Antibiotic treatment (doxycycline) to eliminate symbiotic *Wolbachia* bacteria. Restriction of exercise to avoid thromboembolic complications. Treatment carries risks and requires close monitoring. For this reason, prevention remains the safest and most economical option.
In conclusion, dirofilariasis constitutes a significant threat to animal health in Greece. Early diagnosis, proper prevention, and owner education are crucial factors in controlling the disease. The veterinarian's role is critical in both prevention and therapeutic management of cases.